Teori Etika

TEORI Etika

Teori etika, terdiri dari dua suku kata, teori dan etika. Sekilas teori mengandung makna suatu pendangan dari fenomena tertentu sedangkan etika adalah segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku dan perbuatan manusia.

Namun, menurut Wikipedia mengenai pengertian teori bahwa teori adalah serangkaian bagian atau variabel, definisi, dan dalil yang saling berhubungan yang menghadirkan sebuah pandangan sistematis mengenai fenomena dengan menentukan hubungan antar variabel, dengan menentukan hubungan antar variabel, dengan maksud menjelaskan fenomena alamiah. Adapun elemen-elemen dari teori adalah sebagai berikut :

a. Konsep, sebuah ide yang diekspresikan dengan symbol atau kata

b. Scope, konsep ada yang bersifat abstrak dan konkret

c. Relationship, teori merupakan relasi dari konsep-konsep yang berhubungan

Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/teori

Sedangkan etika berasal dari bahasa Yunani Kuno “ethikos” yang berarti timbul dari kebiasaan. Etika mencakup analisis dan penerapan suatu konsep seperti misalnya baik,buruk, benar, salah dan tanggung jawab.

Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/teori

Adapun fungsi dari etika adalah sebagai berikut :

— Sarana untuk memperoleh orientasi kritis berhadapan dengan pelbagai moralitas yang membingungkan.

— Etika ingin menampilkanketrampilan intelektual yaitu ketrampilan untuk berargumentasi secara rasional dan kritis.

— Orientasi etis ini diperlukan dalam mengabil sikap yang wajar dalam suasana pluralisme

Dalam kenyataannya, etika tidak sepenuhnya sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Sering sekali kita menemukan pelanggaran-pelanggaran etika. Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelanggaran etika :

— Kebutuhan Individu

— Tidak Ada Pedoman

— Perilaku dan Kebiasaan Individu Yang Terakumulasi dan Tak Dikoreksi

— Lingkungan Yang Tidak Etis

— Perilaku Dari Komunitas

Pelanggaran terhadap etika tentunya tidak dibiarkan begitu saja. Ada sanksi sosial (skala relative kecil dan bisa dipahami sebagai kesalahan yang dapat dimaafkan) dan sanksi hukum (biasanya merugikan pihak lain dan berhubungan dengan falsafah Negara) bagi pelanggarnya.

Sumber : jnursyamsi.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/

Selain itu,Teori etika terbagi menjadi beberapa teori lagi, adapun teori-teori tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :

a. Etika Teleologi

Kata Teologi barasal dari bahasa Yunani “telos” yang berarti tujuan,

Teleologi berarti mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu.

Pada etika teleologi , terdapat 2 aliran, diantaranya :

- Egoisme Etis, tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya hanya mengejar pribadi dan memajukan diri sendiri

- Utilitarianisme, berasal dari bahasa Latin “Utilis” yang berarti bermanfaat. Menurut teori ini suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat bila menyangkut kepada khalayak masyarakat secara menyeluruh.

Dalam rangka pemikiran utilitarianisme, kriteria untuk menentukan baik buruknya suatu perbuatan adalah “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”, kebahagiaan terbesar dari jumlah orang yang terbesar. Utilitarianisme, dibedakan menjadi dua macam :

Utilitarianisme Perbuatan (Act Utilitarianism) dan Utilitarianisme Aturan (Rule Utilitarianism)

Dalam dunia bisnis dan keuangan. Perhitungan ala utilitaris ini dapat berlaku sebagai tinjauan atas keputusan yang akan diambil. Mengingat dalam keuangan yang ada kebanyakan adalah angka-angka, jadi keputusan dapat diambil secara mudah berdasarkan jumlah terbanyak bagi manfaat terbanyak.

b. Deontologi

Deontologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu “deon” yang berarti kewajiban. Menurut teori ini yang menjadi dasar baik buruknya perbuatan adalah kewajiban.

Pendekatan ini juga sudah diterima dalam konteks agama, sekarang merupakan juga salah satu teori etika yang terpenting.

c. Teori Hak

Teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku. Teori Hak berkaitan dengan kewajiban.

d. Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)

Teori ini memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang. Keutamaan bisa didefinisikan watak yang telah dimiliki oleh seseorang dapat memungkinkan orang tersebut untuk bertingkah laku baik secara moral. Contoh keutamaan : Suka bekerja keras, pantang menyerah.

Sumber : - iyos-yosi57.blogspot.com/2010/12/teori-teori-etika.html

- aprillins.com/2010/1554/2-teori-etika-utilitarisme-deontologi/

Exercise 4

TOEFL Practice Tests – Free Exercises & Study Material

Adjective Clauses

1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.

A. that signed *
B. that signed it
C. which signed
D. sign

2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.

A. puts
B. it puts
C. that it puts
D. that puts *

3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.

A. of that he was accused
B. that was accused
C. whom he was accused
D. who was accused*

4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.

(A) imprints
(B) that imprints it
(C) that imprints*
(D) that it imprints

5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.

A. whose figures*
B. those figures
C. that its figures
D. its figures that



Adverb Clauses

1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher.

(A) Despite of
(B) In spite of *
(C) Even though
(D) Nonetheless

2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets.

A. How that
B. That *
C. When
D. However

3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home.

A. Although*
B. Despite
C. In spite of
D. Nevertheless

4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.

A. Why
B. Whenever *
C. How
D. What

5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple.

A. because its *
B. because
C. it is because
D. because of its

Main Subject

1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion.

(A) who appeared *
(B) he appeared
(C) that appears
(D) and appears

2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods.

A. they *
B. who
C. which
D. and

3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region.

A. that the bank robber is
B. the bank robber who
C. the bank robber is *
D. the bank robber who is

4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.

A. keeps discovering
B. who discovered
C. the discoverer of
D. discovered *

5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder.

A. few men *
B. the few men
C. few are the men
D. the men are few

Exercise1

Present Perfect or Past Simple Test

1. When ___________ the school?

a) have you joined

b) did you joined

c) did you join*

d) have you ever joined

2. ___________in England?

a) Did you ever worked

b) Have you ever worked*

c) Worked you

d) Didn't you have worked

3. That's the best speech____________

a) I never heard

b) I didn't hear

c) I used to hear

d) I've ever heard*

4. He's the most difficult housemate______________

a) I never dealt with.

b) I never had to deal with.

c) I've ever had to deal with.*

d) I've never had to deal with.

5. ____________ to him last week.

a) I spoke*

b) I've already spoken

c) I didn't spoke

d) I speaked

6. ___________ a contract last year and it is still valid.

a) We have signed

b) We signed*

c) We haven't signed

d) We have sign

7. ___________ from a business trip to France.

a) I come back

b) I came back

c) I never came back

d) I've just come back*

8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then_____in 1996.

a) rised _____falled

b) rose _____ fell*

c) have risen _____ have fallen

d) rose _____ have fallen

9. You____________to a word____________

a) listened _____ I haven't said

b) didn't listen _____ I say

c) listened _____ saying

d) haven't listened _____ I've said*

10. I can't believe that ___________ the news.

a) you haven't read*

b) you didn't read

c) you don't read

d) you read not

Exercise

Exercise -Learn English from Learn4good.com-

1. "Have you had enough to eat?"
"I'd like _____, please."

a. another

b. one more

c. some more

d. any more

2. The woman was _____ someone might recognize her.

a. afraid of

b. afraid about

c. afraid for

d. afraid that

3. The organisation _____ 25 years ago.

a. found

b. founded

c. was found

d. was founded

4. I wish I _____ with Ann.

a. am

b. was

c. were

d. would be

5. Please turn off all the lights when _____.

a. you leave

b. you will leave

c. you will leave left

d. you had left

6. Until last year, she was the largest ship that _____.

a. was ever built

b. has ever built

c. has ever been built

d. had ever been built

7. We lived there _____ ten years.

a. for

b. during

c. since

d. while

8. My grandfather _____ of heart failure in his sixties.

a. dead

b. died

c. was died

d. was dead

9. They are rich enough to own _____.

a. not a helicopter only, but a yacht as well

b. not only a helicopter, but a yacht as well

c. only a helicopter, but a yacht as well

d. as well as a helicopter, not only a yacht

10. She _____ the letter on the office desk.

a. lay

b. lied

c. laid

d. lain

11. There wasn't a single person _____ at the beach.

a. in sight

b. on sight

c. seeing

d. to see

12. This sauce doesn't taste _____ it should.

a. as

b. for

c. like

d. where as

13. John was neither willing to go _____.

a. nor able go

b. nor was able

c. nor he was able

d. nor able to go

14. If one is to learn a language well, _____.

a. it must be spoken regularly

b. one must be spoken regularly

c. it must speak regularly

d. one must speak it regularly

15. I don't especially care _____ those types of movies.

a. by

b. to

c. for

d. with

16. _____ me for a few minutes?

a. Would you to help

b. Would you helping

c. Would you mind to help

d. Would you mind helping

17. _____ to the beach on the weekend.

a. Let's go

b. Let's going

c. Let's went

d. Let's to go

18. "Did you give John his share of the money?"
"No, I _____ it to him, but I didn't have enough time."

a. was to have gave

b. was to have given

c. was to had given

d. was to had gave

19. Your taste in movies is very different _____ mine.

a. from

b. to

c. with

d. as

20. "You _____ think they'd be here by now."

a. would

b. should

c. could

d. might

21. I don't know _____ the rope, but hopefully it will do the job.

a. how long

b. how long is

c. the length of

d. the long of

22. "Excuse me. Where is the post office?"
"It is _____ of the large blue hotel."

a. in the front

b. on the front

c. in front

d. on front

23. She's finally decided that _____ she's going to study much harder.

a. after now

b. from this now

c. from

d. from now on

24. My brother _____ the university last year.

a. graduated

b. graduated from

c. was graduated

d. graduated of

25. We won't be able to go to the club _____ our parents give us permission.

a. although

b. nevertheless

c. unless

d. without

Tugas Letter Application

Depok, November15^th, 2010

To :

Human Resource Development

PT. KUSTODIAN SENTRAL EFEK INDONESIA

Bursa Efek Indonesian’s Building , 1^st Tower 6^th Floor

JL. Jend. Sudirman Kav 52-53

Jakarta 12190 INDONESIA

Dear Sir or Madam,

I wish to apply for a job vacancy that might be given by your company. As I am 19 years of age, single and I still studying Accounting at Gunadarma University . I am the one of the people who always want to develop and upgrade my skills and experiences. I have responsible personality, self motivated, dynamic, independent, honest and good team player in multicultural people.

Herewith, I enclose some requirements including my CV and I hope that you will consider my apllication. I would be pleased to call for an interview at any time.

Yours faithfully,

Sarrah Arifah

Tugas Curiculum Vitae

SARRAH ARIFAH

Lingk. Cipayung RT 03 RW 01

Depok II Timur 16417

Phone : 021-97288312, Mobile 0857-11909178

E-mail : sarrahlutju@gmail.com

		Personal Data

Ø Place / Date of Birth : Bogor, January 7^th, 1991

Ø Sex : Female

Ø Religion : Moslem

Ø Marital Status : Single

Ø Nationality : Indonesia

Ø Language : Bahasa Indonesia, English

Ø Interest : Accounting, Read some books and Listening To the

Music

	Formal Education

Ø 1996 - 2002 : Elementary School, at SDN Mekar Jaya XI Depok, Graduated

Ø 2002 - 2005 : Junior High School, at SLTPN 3Depok, Graduated

Ø 2005 - 2008 : Senior Technical High School, at SMAN 4 Depok, Graduated

Ø 2008 - 2010 : Still active in Accounting at Gunadarma University

	Certificate, Course & Seminars

Ø 2007 : Certificate Participant of Lembaga Pelatihan Komputer Terpadu

Ø 2008 : Certificate of TOEFL Yayasan Lembaga Pendidikan Indonesia-Amerika (LPIA)

Ø 2008 : Certificate Participant of Seminar Nasional Pasar Modal

Ø 2008 : Certificate Participant of Seminar “Mengenal Teknologi CDMA dan Strategi Pemasarannya”

	Work Experience

Ø Assistant in Laboratorium Akuntansi Lanjut A

	Personal Skill

Ø Able to arrange financial report

Ø Understand about Software Accounting, such as MYOB, Dac Easy etc

Ø Able calculate carefulness

Ø Able to use Ms. Word, Ms. Excel, and the other computer application

I hereby certify that the resume above is stated honestly

Best Regards

Sarrah Arifah